Mapping Migration: Where People Go, and Why It Matters

Are you planning to migrate whether for school, work, or in search of better opportunities? Understanding migration patterns can help you make smarter decisions. Each country of the world has its strengths, which are what makes them unique.  Some have better opportunities in certain spheres than others. This is why you don’t just wake up to start planning a trip, even if you have money, without properly mapping migration patterns to ascertain the ideal country for you.

This article will guide you in understanding migration patterns, where people go why and why it matters for you to get this insight, and how you can productively channel your knowledge in making the best decisions.

Understanding Migration

According to the World Migration Report, 2024, there are around 281 million international migrants in the world as at2020, which is about 3.6 percent of the global population. Many people are currently residing in foreign nations either as international students, professionals, temporary residents or even permanent residents.

Before going further, we must understand what the “word” migration means. Migration refers to the movement of people from one geographical area to another, which can be internal or international. There are two main types of migration:

• Voluntary Migration: This occurs when individuals or groups choose to move to improve their living conditions, whether for better economic opportunities, political freedom, or educational advancement.
• Forced Migration: This is the movement of people due to external pressures such as war, persecution, natural disasters, or political instability.

Where Do People Go?

Migration is often driven by “pull factors,” which are the things that attract people to a particular country. These could be factors like better job opportunities, social services, political stability, or even cultural appeal. According to the data report by World Migration Report, 2024, people are drawn to migrating to developed nations, emerging economies, and regional migration hotspots. Let’s look at countries in this region and why people travel there.

A. Developed Nations

If you ask most Africans, especially Nigerians, where they are migrating to, you will hear them say the United States, Canada, and the UK. Data from the African Polling Institute, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) have proven this by showing that the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada are the main destinations for Nigerian migrants. So this question is why do Nigerians prefer these countries?

These countries, characterized by their higher living standards, stable economies, and democratic governance, serve as top destinations for migration due to the numerous opportunities they offer. The following explains why migrants are drawn to these countries:

1. United States

The United States has long been one of the most popular destinations for international migrants. As stated by the United Nations 2020 report, the U.S. is the largest recipient of international migrants, hosting about 50 million people. Here are some factors that contribute to this

• Strong Economy and Job Opportunities: The U.S. boasts the world’s largest economy, with an estimated value of $30.34 trillion. It offers abundant job opportunities across a wide range of sectors and has the highest concentration of leading companies in tech and other industries compared to other parts of the world, with prominent examples like Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Facebook; this attracts both skilled professionals and low-wage workers from all over the world.
• Education System: Home to some of the best universities in the world, the U.S. continues to attract students seeking high-quality education. Institutions like Harvard, MIT, and Stanford are world-renowned and offer numerous scholarships and work-study opportunities.
• Cultural Diversity and Social Mobility: The U.S. is a “melting pot” where people from various cultural and ethnic backgrounds coexist. So, you can migrate to the U.S. and still keep a touch with your roots by being part of your local community. For instance, the U.S. has s the largest Nigerian community in the diaspora

2. Canada

In 2021, Canada welcomed over 400,000 new permanent residents, setting an ambitious target to admit over 1.5 million immigrants by 2025 (Government of Canada, 2021). Also, immigrants make up 21.5% of Canada’s total population, which is one of the highest rates among G7 countries, and this is due to its progressive policies and social benefits:

• Immigration Policies: Canada’s immigration system is points-based and designed to attract skilled workers, students, and refugees. The Express Entry program, for example, prioritizes applicants with high skill levels and a desire to contribute to the country’s economy.
• Social Benefits: Canada offers universal healthcare and affordable education, which are significant draws if you are seeking long-term stability for your family. Additionally, Canada is safe and has a low crime rate. So, living here gives you certainty about your safety and that of your family.
• Welcoming Attitude Toward Refugees: Canada has built a reputation for being one of the most welcoming countries for refugees. The government provides resettlement services and integration programs, making it easier for newcomers to settle and contribute to the economy.

3. European Union (EU) Countries

According to Eurostat, in 2022, over 5.1 million people immigrated to EU countries from non-EU countries, with the UK, Germany, and France being among the most common destinations. They continue to attract large numbers of migrants due to economic, educational, and political factors. However, other European countries like Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Switzerland are also common destinations.

• Economic Opportunities: The EU is a major global economic player, and countries like Germany have robust manufacturing and engineering sectors. France and the UK offer job opportunities to work in global industries in technology, healthcare, and services.
• High Quality of Life: These countries offer high living standards, with access to healthcare, housing, education, and social security. The EU’s free movement policy allows citizens of member states to easily migrate and work within other EU countries.
• Educational Opportunities: European universities, especially in the UK, Germany, and France, are highly regarded and are some of the best in the world, and these schools offer amazing research opportunities.

4. Australia

Australia is one of the most popular destinations for migrants, particularly due to its high quality of life, job opportunities, and cultural diversity. It is one of the welcoming countries for immigrants, and it offers friendly immigration policies that make it easy for immigrants to settle here.

• Job Opportunities and Economic Stability: With a strong economy and booming sectors like healthcare, education, and mining, Australia has friendly visa entry opportunities for skilled workers from across the globe.
• High Quality of Life: Australia is known for its beautiful natural landscapes, healthcare system, and safety, which makes it a desirable place to start a family.
• Educational Opportunities: With world-class universities like the University of Melbourne and the University of Sydney, Australia is a top destination for international students looking to pursue higher education.

B. Emerging Economies

Emerging economies such as India, China, and Brazil have, in recent times, attracted high numbers of migrants, and this is due to their massive industries and economic growth.

1. India

India is experiencing economic growth and an expanding job market and has become an increasingly popular destination for migrants, particularly those from neighboring countries. Additionally, is affordability of migrating to India compared to migrating to developed countries like the U.S., UK, and Canada has increased its appeal among migrants looking for better job opportunities.

• Economic Growth: India’s IT sector is one of the fastest-growing in the world, offering lucrative job opportunities for skilled professionals, especially in cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai. According to recent data, India’s IT and BPM (Business Process Management) sector generated $194 billion in revenue in 2023 and is poised for continued growth. The sector has seen steady job creation, employing over 4.5 million professionals, making it one of the country’s largest employers.
• Urbanization: As India’s cities grow, more opportunities arise in sectors such as construction, manufacturing, and services, drawing migrants from rural areas or neighbouring countries such as Nepal and Bangladesh.
• Affordable Education: India is also attracting students from Africa and South Asia, seeking affordable higher education options, especially in engineering, medical, and management fields.

2. China

As the second largest economy, with a GDP of 18.5 trillion U.S. dollars, china has become a key destination for migrants, particularly for urbanization and industrialization:

• Industrialization and Urbanization: China’s rapid development has led to significant demand for labour, attracting migrants, particularly from Vietnam, Myanmar, and South Korea. Cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou are major urban hubs for foreign workers. As Wikipedia states, China has a large African immigrant population, over 500,000, with the majority living in Guangzhou.
• Opportunities in Manufacturing and Technology: China’s manufacturing industry is one of the largest globally, providing employment opportunities for migrants with industrial experience. The burgeoning technology sector in cities like Shenzhen also attracts skilled professionals in software development and engineering.

3. Brazil

Brazil’s economy, particularly in agriculture, mining, and services, is another factor driving migration to the country, especially from neighbouring South American countries. Additionally, it has a significant population of African immigrants.

• Job Opportunities in Agriculture and Mining: As one of the world’s largest exporters of agricultural products, Brazil offers employment opportunities in the agricultural sector. Additionally, Brazil’s mining industry continues to attract workers.
• Cultural and Linguistic Similarities: For migrants from Latin America, Brazil offers an easier cultural and linguistic transition, especially from Portuguese-speaking countries such as Angola and Mozambique

C. Regional Migration Patterns

In addition to migration to developed and emerging economies, the African continent and Latin America have witnessed extensive regional migration patterns.

1. Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa has witnessed significant regional migration as people move from rural areas to urban centres or neighbouring countries. In 2020, UNHCR estimated that nearly 6 million people were displaced within Sub-Saharan Africa due to conflict and economic instability. Urban migration is a major trend, particularly in Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa.

• Urbanization: Major economic hubs such as Lagos, Abuja, and Port Harcourt in Nigeria, Nairobi in Kenya, and Johannesburg in South Africa attract migrants seeking better job opportunities, education, and access to services.
• Political Instability and Conflict: Many migrants from countries experiencing political turmoil, such as South Sudan, Somalia, and Ethiopia, have been forced to migrate to neighbouring countries seeking refuge.

2. Latin America

Migration within Latin America is largely driven by economic opportunities, insecurity, and political instability:

• Venezuela Crisis: As Venezuela’s political and economic situation worsens, millions have fled to neighbouring countries like Colombia, Brazil, and Chile, seeking refuge from hyperinflation and lack of basic services.
• Economic Migration: Countries like Mexico and Colombia have become common destinations for migrants from Central America (particularly Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala) as they seek better economic conditions.

Why Do People Migrate?

Before choosing a country to travel to, you have to be certain that the country you are migrating to can satisfy your reason for migration. For instance, if you are seeking to work in the best tech companies in the world, your choice of countries to migrate it might be narrowed down to three countries.

Here are some of the reasons why people migrate and the best destinations for each of the reasons.

1. Economic Factors

Economic opportunities are a huge reason why people decide to migrate. Many move from areas with fewer job options to places where they can earn better wages and work under better conditions. For example, countries like the U.S., Canada, and Australia are popular choices for people seeking roles in tech, healthcare, and engineering. The U.S. attracts professionals to Silicon Valley, Canada has pathways for skilled workers, and Australia needs workers in fields like construction and healthcare. Similarly, China and India pull in skilled workers for manufacturing and IT, the UK offers chances in finance and healthcare, and Germany offers amazing opportunities for those in engineering and technology.

2. Social Factors

Access to high-quality social amenities is a big reason people migrate. Many are looking for places that offer a good quality of life, including excellent healthcare, education, and recreational facilities. Cities like Toronto, London, and Zurich are popular for their top-tier healthcare systems, safe neighbourhoods, and a range of cultural and recreational options. Countries like Sweden, Finland, and Norway are also known for their strong social welfare programs, including free education and extensive public services.

3. Political and Security Factors

When considering migrating to politically stable and safe countries, nations like Switzerland, Canada, Norway, and New Zealand stand out due to their strong governance, low crime rates, and commitment to human rights. These countries offer a high level of political stability, a well-established rule of law, and robust social systems that prioritize the well-being of their citizens and residents.

Additionally, these nations are known for their welcoming attitudes toward migrants and refugees, which allows you to live better with your loved ones in a peaceful and safe atmosphere. Whether seeking economic opportunities or refuge, these countries are consistently ranked among the safest and most stable places to live.

4. Environmental Factors

If you’re looking for places to migrate to that are less likely to be hit by natural disasters, there are a few countries that stand out as pretty safe bets. Switzerland, for example, is tucked away in the mountains, making it largely safe from things like hurricanes or earthquakes. Norway is another great choice, with its solid infrastructure and very little seismic activity. Even though New Zealand is near a fault line, it has a top-notch disaster management system to keep things under control. Other countries like Finland, Denmark, and Iceland are also super safe, with minimal risks of floods, wildfires, or major storms. If safety from natural disasters is a top priority for you, these countries offer peace of mind.

Why Mapping Migration Matters for Your Travel Plans

If you’re planning to travel, migrate, or even move for work, understanding migration patterns can help you make smarter decisions. Whether you’re able to travel right away or not, mapping out migration trends is a game-changer. Here’s why:

1. Policy and Planning

Knowing migration patterns helps you understand how governments are preparing for population shifts. If you’re thinking of relocating, it’s good to know which places have supportive policies for newcomers—whether it’s affordable housing, healthcare, or job opportunities. Being aware of these factors ahead of time makes it easier to settle in once you arrive.

2. Economic Integration

Migration doesn’t just affect people; it shapes economies, too. By understanding where migrants are going, you can align your skills with in-demand jobs. For example, if you’re in tech and know that a certain country is growing its tech industry due to skilled migrants, you can prioritize that location for your next move or job search. This gives you an edge in finding opportunities that might not be available elsewhere.

3. Social Cohesion

When you map migration, you also map communities, especially ones that share your background or culture. If you’re travelling or moving to a new place, knowing where people from your country or culture are settling can make integration easier. This helps you find the right support networks and social groups even before you get there.

4. Global Relations and Humanitarian Aid

Migration is often tied to global challenges. If you’re travelling to a region with a high number of refugees or migrants, understanding the situation can prepare you for the cultural and social dynamics of the area. Plus, it could open doors for you to get involved in humanitarian work or support local initiatives that help those in need.

5. Environmental Sustainability

Climate change is a growing force driving migration. If you’re considering a destination that’s facing environmental challenges like floods, droughts, or rising sea levels, mapping these trends can guide you toward more sustainable and resilient places to live. Being aware of environmental migration patterns helps you make choices that are in line with long-term sustainability.

Conclusion

So, whether your travel plans are delayed or not, mapping migration gives you the insights you need to make better decisions about where to go next—and what to expect once you get there. It’s not just about finding a place to live; it’s about getting the right place that suits your needs, whether career-wise, education-wise, or residence. The best country for another person might not be the best for you. Be certain of your desire to travel and go or the country that aligns with the reason.